Nagaland: Is woman reservation policy really alien to Naga culture?

Nagaland attained statehood
in 1963, but since then, it has not elected a single woman to its
Assembly. It has also only ever sent one woman to Parliament – Rano M
Shazia, who was elected to the Lok Sabha back in 1977.

This reality pervades through all levels of governance in the state.

Traditional
village councils, formalised through the passage of the Nagaland
Village Councils Act 1978, have hardly any female representation. And
though laws have been enacted providing for 33% reservation of women in
municipal and town councils, their implementation has been halted, as a
result of which there is not a single woman in these bodies.

At
first glance, Naga women do not appear oppressed. You meet strong,
articulate women, well-known writers, poets, academics and activists.

You
also see women doing backbreaking work in the fields, carrying heavy
loads of firewood, cooking, cleaning, weaving or selling vegetables and
fruits in markets and by the roadside.

Yet,
a Naga woman cannot call the field in which she works her own, or lay
claim to house she manages or even her kitchen garden. If it is
ancestral property, she is not entitled to inherit it.

The
only exception is acquired property – parents can gift their daughters
land. But after her death, that land will not go to her heirs; it will
be returned to her clan.

For
the women in Nagaland, then, the battle is two-pronged – for
representation in institutions of governance and for the right to
inheritance.

In many
ways, the fight for representation in self-governing bodies is
symptomatic of the larger battle of Naga women against their society’s
inherently patriarchal traditional structures.

The
village councils predominantly consist of men who are selected by
villagers. They have powers to govern many aspects of village
development, including the use of development funds. In that regard,
they’re quite similar to panchayats. The big difference, though, is
that they are not elected bodies (in the way that panchayats are) and
they have hardly any women.

Additionally,
all villages have Village Development Boards (VDB) and a state law in
1980 stipulated that a quarter of their members should be women. Though
this provision has been implemented, the resistance to women entering
village councils continues.

In
the last few of years, a few village councils, mostly in Dimapur and
in Phek district in eastern Nagaland have taken a few women on board.
Tokheli Kikon, Chairperson of the Naharbari Village Council, is the
first and only woman so far to head a village council.

But these are the exceptions, not yet the norm.

For
those have found a place in the village councils, there is the
expectation that they can make a difference, even if there are only two
women in a council of 30 or more men.

The
Nagaland Assembly passed the Nagaland Municipal (First Amendment) Act
in 2006. This provided for 33% reservation of seats for women. But till
today, this cannot be implemented because men have argued that this
runs counter to customary law. And according to Article 371A of the
Constitution, Nagaland is exempt from any law that does not conform to
customary laws.

The
Nagaland Tribes Council however  urged the Nagaland State Government to
review the “erroneous insertion” of 33% women reservation and conduct
fresh election without reservation at the earliest.

A
press note from the NTC stated that it is “disheartened to see the
much awaited municipality is again facing a murky situation because of
insensible and shabby handling by the government of the day.”

“There
are no two opinions to say that the women reservation policy is alien
to Naga Culture. Reservation policy in India is meant for down trodden
people in the society. Whereas, there is no practice as such that
random depravation basing on gender in Naga Society.

The
position and status are rated and ascribed according to ones capacity
and achievements. Therefore, the make believe of certain section as
depraved or discriminate is an offence and against our custom. The very
concept of reservation is self defeating because it rather leads to
stigmatization of those sections as lesser souls,” the NTC stated.

The
decision to hold election amidst “strong people’s opposition,” it said
is “an imposition which will never carry the people’s mandate.”

Women
reservation, the NTC stated is “against our time tested custom and
tradition,” and cautioned that if introduced would infringe Article 371
A of the constitution “whereby the Nagas of Nagaland are provided with
full guarantee to govern as per our custom and tradition.”

No amount of justification, it added, “will compensate the depravation of our rights and custom at this moment.”

These
debates on women’s rights do not make it to the so-called national
press as conflict and politics dominate the discourse. Yet, for the
future of Naga society, caught on the cusp between tradition and
modernity, the outcome of these struggles will be crucial.

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  • Des électeurs attendent l’ouverture d’un bureau de vote à Windhoek, le 29 novembre 2024
    en Namibie

    Namibians returned to vote on Friday in 36 polling stations
    reopened two days after a chaotic election, set to test the ruling party’s 34-year grip on power, was marred by technical problems.

    Tensions are mounting in the historically stable and peaceful southern African nation where Wednesday’s election was marked by long delays and labelled a
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    Wednesday’s queues were caused by many technical problems,
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    In the capital Windhoek, at the only polling station picked to reopen, about 60 people showed up on Friday, including Kluivert Muuondjo who arrived at 4:
    30 am.

    The 21-year-old student said he had waited in line until 11:00 pm on Wednesday but left before being able to vote as he
    had exams the next day.

    Des électeurs attendent l’ouverture d’un bureau de vote
    à Windhoek, le 29 novembre 2024 en Namibie

    “Everyone will have the chance to vote,” he said.
    But because Namibians can vote at any given polling station, he was worried “everyone will flock to one place again.”

    The disarray led to angry complaints from opposition parties with some calling for a halt in the electoral process.

    Opposition parties were scheduled to meet on Friday and issue
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    party.

    Youth unemployment, enduring inequalities and the emergence of a generation born after independence
    are challenging support towards SWAPO which has ruled since 1990.

    Its candidate, vice-president Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, who could
    become the first woman to lead the country
    if elected, could face an unprecedented second round in the mineral rich country.

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    Engermund, who also said he couldn’t vote on Wednesday because of long queues despite
    trying four different polling stations.

    “Only 1.5 millions voters are registered and we get this chaos?” asked the 49-year-old security agent.

    “It was to get people frustrated.”

  • Aussie actor Russell Crowe has always worn his heart on his
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    Crowe became a co-owner of the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 2006,
    alongside businessman Peter Holmes à Court, with the aim of revitalising the NRL club that
    was struggling at the time.

    Under his leadership, the Rabbitohs achieved financial stability and secured a premiership victory in 2014, ending a 43-year drought. 

    Crowe was instrumental in recruiting star players like Sam Burgess and Greg Inglis
    to the team, which significantly improved their performance. 

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    Rabbitohs at games, with media capturing moments of his animated reactions
    during key matches. 

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    stands of home games

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    supporter of the club since he was a child

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    has vowed to temper his emotions from now on

    ‘Nah [losing doesn’t impact my mood]…it is what it is, I can’t affect that outcome so you sort of just have to accept what’s going on,’
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    ‘A long time ago when I’d be going to Rabbitohs games when my kids were
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    the team. 

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    Kate Middleton-approved cold-weather staples we’ll be
    wearing this season.

    A camel coat

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    No winter wardrobe is complete without a camel coat – and
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    ankle-length silhouettes that can easily be layered over midi dresses
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    She also knows the power of a knitted midi dress. It’s one of throw-on-and-go
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    A sweater vest

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    Sweater vests are often considered a little frumpy but layered
    over a white button-down (à la Kate) they’re a perfect office staple for the
    chilly weather.

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    A Fair Isle jumper

    Her knitwear collection includes at least three Fair Isle jumpers

    Nothing signals the start of Christmas quite like the return of the Fair Isle
    knit (check out our roundup of the cosiest here) – and the Princess’ jumper collection includes at
    least three different designs.

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    A tartan dress

    The Princess loves to add a touch of tartan to her outfits in the winter 

    Another print that’s synonymous with the holiday season is tartan. Kate Middleton’s winter wardrobe includes plaid coats, scarves and skirts,
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    A pair of knee-high boots

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    Once the temperatures drop, there’s no shoe the Princess
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    colour – and usually wears them with midi dresses or
    skirts and long, woollen coats.

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    A printed midi skirt
    Speaking of midi skirts – Kate has amassed quite the collection, which includes a leopard print, tartan and houndstooth skirt.

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    A pair of leather gloves

    No cold hands for Kate

    On those frosty days, Kate Middleton doesn’t leave the house without a pair of leather gloves – and we wouldn’t either.
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    A red scarf

    When in doubt, just add a red accessory 

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    She’s reworn the same red scarf on multiple occasions.

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    A pair of riding boots

    She’s been wearing these boots for two decades

    Fuelled by television phenomena such as Rivals, riding boots have become one of the most unexpected
    footwear trends of AW24 – and Kate Middleton has been wearing these Penelope
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    A wax jacket
    Speaking of hardworking pieces in the Princess’ wardrobe
    – she owns at least two wax jackets from Barbour, which she sports to stroll around the countryside in her downtime, or whenever she’s launching outdoorsy campaigns as a working royal.

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    A fedora

    Has anyone ever looked more chic in a fedora?

    We’d love a peek inside Kate Middleton’s headwear collection, which has grown to be quite substantial, but by far our favourite hat
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    Fedora, £109, Hicks & Brown

    A pair of dark wash jeans

    We’d copy and paste this outfit on weekends

    It’s not often we see the Princess of Wales in jeans, and when we do she’s usually sporting a skinnier
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    last winter.

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    A pair of Chelsea boots
    Another staple from Kate Middleton’s casual wardrobe are these brown Chelsea boots.
    The track sole gives the otherwise classic shoe
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    A cashmere roll neck

    There’s no better investment than a cashmere roll
    neck

    Few knits feel more luxurious than a cashmere jumper –
    and Kate Middleton agrees. Her go-to brands for roll
    necks include Hobbs, Ralph Lauren and Gabriela Hearst, but
    there are some great-quality, affordable cashmere brands on the high street, too.

    Shop the look: Jumper, £95, M&S

    Jumper, £95, M&S

    A faux fur hat

    No cold ears for Kate

    We admit it would have to be baltic outside before we’d wear a faux fur hat,
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    Hat, £22.99, Zara

    A bouclé jacket

    The Princess is a fan of glittering bouclé jackets

    First created by Coco Chanel back in the 1950s, the bouclé jacket still reigns supreme among the fashion set.
    Kate Middleton favours them during the holidays – and opts for metallic iterations for a
    festive take on the classic.

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    Jacket, £45, River Island

    A trouser suit

    Who looks better in a suit? (Our vote goes to Kate)

    Since becoming the Princess of Wales, Kate has embraced suiting and amassed an impressive collection of smart blazers, tailored trousers and silk blouses in a rainbow of
    colours. While she still often goes for tapered silhouettes,
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    A pussy bow blouse

    You’ll find more than one pussy bow blouse in Kate’s workwear wardrobe

    If the words ‘Kate Middleton’ and ‘blouse’ don’t call up images of the royal in a silky pussy bow top, then you haven’t
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    has become one of her signature workwear styles.

    Shop the look: Blouse, £99, Phase Eight

    Blouse, £99, Phase Eight

    A printed midi dress

    This midi dress ticks all of the Princess’ boxes 

    Another one of Kate’s favourites for official engagements is a
    printed midi dress – we’ve seen her in polka dots, winter
    florals and checks.

    Shop the look: Dress, £39.99, Zara

    Dress, £39.99, Zara

    A festive cardigan

    Another round of applause for Kate’s knitwear collection

    No one loves festive knitwear more than the Princess of Wales (as illustrated above by her affinity for Fair Isle knits and glittering bouclé
    jackets) so we couldn’t complete the list without this red number from Miu Miu.

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    Cardigan, £37.99, H&M

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    ถ้าคุณรู้จักร้านไวน์ดีๆ บอกต่อกันนะ การรู้จักไวน์ที่เหมาะกับตัวเองสำคัญมาก รอคำตอบจากทุกคนอยู่นะ

    เว็บไซต์นี้มีข้อมูลที่น่าสนใจมาก
    อยากให้เพิ่มเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับไวน์มากกว่านี้
    เว็บไซต์นี้เหมาะกับคนที่อยากเรียนรู้เรื่องไวน์มาก
    หวังว่าทุกคนจะมีความสุขกับการดื่มไวน์ จะติดตามเว็บนี้ต่อไปเรื่อยๆ ค่ะ ขอบคุณมากค่ะ!

    Here is my web-site; ร้านขายไวน์

  • ใครชื่นชอบไวน์เหมือนกันบ้าง แวะมาแนะนำร้านขายไวน์ให้หน่อยสิ อยากลองไวน์ที่มีรสชาติเป็นเอกลักษณ์
    ช่วยแนะนำแหล่งซื้อไวน์หน่อยค่ะ การเลือกไวน์ที่เหมาะสมไม่ใช่เรื่องง่ายเลย
    อยากได้คำแนะนำไวน์ดีๆ
    ไว้ดื่มกับเพื่อนๆ

    บทความที่แชร์ในเว็บนี้มีประโยชน์มากเลย ติดตามเว็บนี้แล้วรู้สึกว่ามีความรู้เรื่องไวน์เพิ่มขึ้น เว็บไซต์นี้เหมาะกับคนที่อยากเรียนรู้เรื่องไวน์มาก
    ขอให้ทุกมื้ออาหารของทุกคนเต็มไปด้วยไวน์ดีๆ มาร่วมแลกเปลี่ยนเรื่องไวน์กันอีกในอนาคต

    Feel free to surf to my web site – ขายไวน์ยกลัง

  • ใครชื่นชอบไวน์เหมือนกันบ้าง ช่วยแชร์ประสบการณ์ซื้อไวน์หน่อยค่ะ ตอนนี้กำลังสนใจไวน์แดงและไวน์ขาวมาก
    ใครมีร้านโปรดอย่าลืมแชร์กัน ไวน์ดีๆ จะช่วยเพิ่มบรรยากาศให้ทุกมื้ออาหาร
    อยากได้คำแนะนำไวน์ดีๆ ไว้ดื่มกับเพื่อนๆ
    เว็บไซต์นี้มีข้อมูลที่น่าสนใจมาก อยากให้เพิ่มเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับไวน์มากกว่านี้ ใครสนใจเรื่องไวน์แนะนำให้ติดตามเว็บนี้เลยค่ะ
    สุดท้ายนี้ขอให้ทุกคนเจอไวน์ที่ชอบนะคะ
    แล้วอย่าลืมแชร์ความรู้เกี่ยวกับไวน์ให้กันต่อไปนะ

    Also visit my blog ตัวแทน จำหน่ายไวน์

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